It follows that many European dynasties claimed descent from the same king of Israel, and therefore their kings sat on the throne by divine right, consecrated in the Bible.
When Pepin of Herstal died in December 714, his illegitimate son, Charles Martel (the Hammer), assumed the de facto power of the Frankish kingdom. However, he never proclaimed himself king.
He did, however, adopt a winning strategy. Abraham Ibn-Daud, himself a descendant of King David and a respected historian, recounts in his main work, “Sefer HaKabalah” (Book of the Kabbalah), that Charles wrote to the Caliph of Baghdad asking him to send one of his Jews, “who bore the seed of the royalty of the house of David.”
Ibn-Daud attributed this initiative to Charlemagne, but historians believe it was a mistake by the author, who wrote his work around 1161, and that it was actually Charles Martel, the founder of the Carolingian dynasty.
The Caliph sent him a sage and magnate from Babylon named “Makir,” son of Natronai, Exilarch of Pumbedita.
In 721, Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours (also known as the Battle of Poitiers), which marked the beginning of the end of the Arab presence in Europe. He then granted the lands conquered from the Muslims in Narbonne to Makir, who, also bearing the title of nasi, established a Jewish principality and a yeshiva (rabbinic academy) there.
Additionally, Charles Martel married the Jewish sage to his daughter Alda (also known as Aldana), whose brother, Pepin the Short, assumed the throne upon their father’s death. The marriage of a Jew to a Gentile, and a Carolingian noblewoman to a Jew, is problematic and seems to imply Makir’s conversion. However, the goal of planting the seed of the royalty of the house of David in the Carolingian royal family was achieved.
From this marriage was born a son named William, whose father entered the annals of history under the name Theodoric, leading historian Arthur Zuckerman (A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France) to conclude that Makir was baptized with the name Theodoric, initiating a dynasty of Frankish-Jewish kings in Narbonne. This represents the union of the lineage of the Exilarchs of Pumbedita with the Carolingians, descendants of Charles Martel.
This son was known as William of Gellone, or of Aquitaine, and later as the Count of Toulouse or William of Orange.
From this William descend the monarchs of the Kingdom of Portugal, except those of the Philippine dynasty.
Count Henry was the fourth son of Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, great-grandson of Robert the Pious, King of France, great-great-grandson of Hugh Capet, King of France, great-great-great-grandson of Hugh the Great, Duke of France, great-great-great-great-grandson of Robert II, Duke and Marquess of France, later King, and great-great-great-great-great-grandson of Robert I, the Strong, Duke and Marquess of France.
According to the customs of the time, French nobles who were not firstborn had little chance of acquiring their parents’ titles. The only solution for most younger sons of European noble families was to serve foreign kings to obtain other honorary titles and respective incomes.
The Spanish king offered them this opportunity. Henry of Burgundy and his cousin Raymond entered the service of Alfonso VI of Castile.
Therefore, if we accept the genealogy based on the family’s tradition, the first king of Portugal, Afonso I, was a descendant of King David of Israel.
Incidentally, the Jew Yahia ben Yaish, the first Chief Rabbi of Portugal and collaborator of Afonso I in his conquests from the Muslims, was also a descendant of King David.
As was the Master of Aviz, later John I, whose illegitimate son from his relationship with the Jewish woman Inês, daughter of Barbadão da Guarda, was the first Duke of Bragança, Afonso.
Genealogy from Charles Martel to Afonso I of Portugal Passing Through the Count of Toulouse:
Charles Martel (688–741)
Sources: “The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe” by Pierre Riché; “The Rise of Western Christendom” by Peter Brown.
Father: Pepin of Herstal (635–714)
Mother: Alpaida
Spouse: Rotrude of Trier
Pepin the Short (714–768)
Sources: “Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity” by Rosamond McKitterick.
Son of Charles Martel and Rotrude of Trier
Spouse: Bertrada of Laon
Note: First King of the Franks of the Carolingian dynasty
Charlemagne (742–814)
Sources: “Charlemagne: Empire and Society” edited by Joanna Story.
Son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon
Spouse: Hildegard of Vinzgouw (one of his most notable wives)
Note: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Louis the Pious (778–840)
Sources: “The Emperor Louis the Pious” by Penelope Ann Johnson.
Son of Charlemagne and Hildegard of Vinzgouw
Spouse: Ermengarde of Hesbaye
Note: King of the Franks and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Charles the Bald (823–877)
Sources: “The Carolingians and the Written Word” by Rosamond McKitterick.
Son of Louis the Pious and Ermengarde of Hesbaye
Spouse: Ermentrude of Orléans
Note: King of West Francia and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Judith of Flanders (843–870)
Sources: “Medieval Flanders” by David Nicholas.
Daughter of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans
Spouse: Baldwin I of Flanders
Baldwin II of Flanders (c. 865–918)
Sources: “Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216” by Eljas Oksanen.
Son of Baldwin I of Flanders and Judith of Flanders
Spouse: Ælfthryth of Wessex
Arnulf I of Flanders (c. 890–965)
Sources: “The Counts of Flanders: The Creation of a Medieval Principality” by David Nicholas.
Son of Baldwin II of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex
Spouse: Adele of Vermandois
Baldwin III of Flanders (c. 940–962)
Sources: “Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216” by Eljas Oksanen.
Son of Arnulf I of Flanders and Adele of Vermandois
Spouse: Mathilde of Saxony
Arnulf II of Flanders (c. 960–987) Sources: “The Counts of Flanders: The Creation of a Medieval Principality” by David Nicholas.
Son of Baldwin III of Flanders and Mathilde of Saxony
Spouse: Rozala of Italy
Baldwin IV of Flanders (980–1035) Sources: “Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216” by Eljas Oksanen.
Son of Arnulf II of Flanders and Rozala of Italy
Spouse: Ogiva of Luxembourg
Baldwin V of Flanders (1012–1067) Sources: “The New Cambridge Medieval History” edited by Paul Fouracre.
Son of Baldwin IV of Flanders and Ogiva of Luxembourg
Spouse: Adela of France
Raymond IV of Toulouse (1041–1105) Sources: “The Counts of Toulouse: The Crisis of Power and the Struggle for the Languedoc” by Paul Richard.
Son of Pons II of Toulouse and Almodis de La Marche
Spouse: Elvira of Castile
Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre (1073–1134) Sources: “Afonso the Battler: The Emperor of Hispania” by Antonio Ubieto Arteta.
Son of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre, and Felicia of Roucy
Note: King of Aragon and Navarre
Theresa of León (1080–1130) Sources: “Queenship and Political Power in Medieval Portugal: Teresa and Her Daughters” by Miriam Shadis.
Illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of León and Castile and Ximena Moniz
Spouse: Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal
Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal (1066–1112) Sources: “The Counts of Burgundy: Aristocratic Aggrandizement and Ecclesiastical Reform in Eleventh-Century France” by Constance B. Bouchard.
Son of Henry, the Young King
Spouse: Theresa of León
Afonso I Henriques (1109–1185) Sources: “Afonso I: O Conquistador” by José Mattoso.
Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Theresa of León
Spouse: Mafalda of Savoy
Conclusion
Charles Martel is the distant ancestor of Afonso I Henriques, the first king of Portugal, through a genealogical line that passes through the Counts of Toulouse and can be traced based on various historical sources. Each connection presented here is supported by reputable bibliography in the field of medieval history and genealogy. This lineage demonstrates the continuity of European dynasties from the beginning of the Carolingian dynasty to the formation of the Portuguese monarchy.
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